The new servers from Sun based on UltraSPARC® T1 processor
with CoolThreadsTM technology, aka "Niagara" servers,
provide optimised performances for modern Datacenter workloads
keeping full compatibility with SPARC/Solaris environment.
These systems have been designed with the
Throughput
Computing
approach, which is able to bypass the difficulties met by
traditional processors with high clock frequencies and high complexity.
This is a real quantum leap in microprocessor technology,
since a single
UltraSPARC® T1 processor consolidates a SMP multiprocessor
server, supporting concurrently up to 32 "strands"
(hardware threads). That is why this architecture is called
CMT - Chip MultiThreading.
The benefits of this technology within the Datacenter translate
into large savings in space, power consumption and cost of ownership
compared to traditional solutions for Web and Application Tiers.
The most direct link to information about the new processor and
the new CoolThreads systems is
www.sun.com/coolthreads
From this Web page a number of links point to a range of detailed
information.
The architecture of UltraSPARC® T1 processor and
Sun Fire T1000 and T2000 servers is described in the white paper
Sun Fire T1000 and T2000 Server Architecture - Unleashing the
UltraSPARC T1 Processor with CoolThreads Technology
www.sun.com/servers/coolthreads/coolthreads_architecture_wp.pdf
Detailed documentation about the Sun Fire T2000 server is available at the URL
www.sun.com/products-n-solutions/hardware/docs/Servers/coolthreads/t2000/index.html
Some of the first reactions from technical analysts such as IDC and Forrester
are linked at the URL
www.sun.com/servers/coolthreads/idc_whitepaper.pdf
www.sun.com/servers/coolthreads/forrester_whitepaper.pdf
Performance benchmarks of the new systems, also in relationship with their
power dissipation, are found at the URL
www.sun.com/servers/coolthreads/t1000/benchmarks.jsp
Thanks to their exceptional energy efficiency, the new servers can lead to significant savings,
which can be estimated with the help of the Java application available at the URL
www.sun.com/servers/coolthreads/simdatacenter/index.jsp
The systems built around the UltraSPARC® T1 processor are designed
to scale and perform efficiently on throughput-oriented applications,
particularly for Web and network services, application servers, Java applications,
even for relatively small Databases and ERP applications.
More specifically, the applications suitable for CMT architecture are
the following:
-
Multi-threaded apps, characterised by a small number of processes with
a large number of threads.
-
Multi-process apps, characterised by a large number of processes.
-
Java apps, which use the multithreaded nature of JVM, including
major application servers
(Sun Java Application Server, BEA Weblogic, IBM Websphere, Tomcat).
-
Multi-instance apps, such that it is possible to run more
instances of the same app concurrently on the same server,
in most cases this can be done with the help of
Solaris Containers which provide a logical isolation.
On the other hand, single-thread apps with strong constraints
in terms of response time and apps with a significant presence
(> 3%) of floating-point operations are not suitable
for the current implementation of CMT architecture in the UltraSPARC T1 processor.
A special area where Niagara systems are exceptionally suitable
is the one of cryptographic applications, such as in the SSL implementation.
This is due to hardware acceleration of modular arithmetic implemented
in the processor core pipeline, and as a matter of fact such computations
are heavily used by crypto algorithms.
Solaris 10 provides a framework (SCF - Solaris Cryptographic Framework)
which interfaces the special crypto capabilities of the hardware
with the userland applications, as described by the Blueprint
Using the Cryptographic Accelerator of the UltraSPARC T1 Processor
www.sun.com/blueprints/0306/819-5782.html
A good introductory document about the appropriate techniques
to measure correctly the performances of applications on Niagara servers
and to optimise them in several situations is the Blueprint
Developing and Tuning Applications on UltraSPARC T1 Chip
Multithreading Systems
www.sun.com/blueprints/1205/819-5144.html
In particular, CMT architecture needs to reconsider the meaning
of things like utilization rate or "idle" processor,
as explained in detail in the blog entry
blogs.sun.com/travi?entry=ultrasparc_t1_utilization_explained
Other Blueprints give guidelines about the implementation of many Web servers
onto T1000
Web Consolidation on the Sun Fire T1000 using Solaris Containers
www.sun.com/blueprints/1205/819-5149.html
and about the implementation of an entire e-commerce application
Consolidating the Sun Store onto Sun Fire T2000 Servers
www.sun.com/blueprints/1205/819-5148.html
Useful tips for developers of throughput-oriented applications,
ready to scale at their best on Niagara systems, are found in the white paper
Developing Scalable Applications for Throughput Computing
www.sun.com/servers/coolthreads/coolthreads_whitepaper.pdf
and on the article
Improving Application Efficiency Through Chip Multi-Threading
http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/chip_multi_thread.html.
The detailed technical specs of the UltraSPARC® T1 processor
have been released openly
(OpenSPARC) and
available at the URL
http://opensparc.sunsource.net/nonav/opensparct1.html
while the reference technical article is the following:
P. Kongetira, K. Aingaran, K. Olukotun,
"Niagara: A 32-Way Multithreaded Sparc Processor",
IEEE Micro 25, n.2 (March/April 2005), pp. 21-29
DOI bookmark:
http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MM.2005.35
Finally, a nice link to unofficial technical information is Rich McDougall's blog
blogs.sun.com/rmc?entry=welcome_to_the_cmt_era
Last update 2006-03-22
v4en cmn