Jongjun Son

1) HPC Components outline

[picture 2] HPCC Components
On next page, according to each major construction factor, outline about the factor and a present trend are summarized.

2)Computing node (Computer)

Computing node is computer that performs supercomputer’s operation, and it occupies mainly important part on construction of supercomputer. According to CPU’s development and supercom’s application, supercom computer is being evolved to Scala, Vector, Messive parallel processing computer.

i. Vector Processor (Array processor)
The early days supercom machine simply consisted of Scalar processor.
Scalar processor, which is most simple form’s computer processor, could perform interger or floating point operation once a time.
Vector Processor,on the other hand, can perform many datas by using just one command at the same time. Difference of between Scalar processor and Vector Processor is such as difference of between Scalar operation and Vector operation.
Vector Processor can perform mathematics-operation by many datas’s mixture at the same time. From the middle of 1970 to the middle of 1980, Vector computer, as a major term of super computer, was used widely in Scientific computing field, and many of computer benders came out computer mounted self special-purpose processor,and loaded 4~16 processers processor.
However, as 1980~1990 passed, large scale parallel computer(massive parallel processing system) consist of many general CPU are being took noticed of new concept’ supercom, these massive cluster systems are constructed by parallel conneting “off the shelf”1type computer mounting mass production cpu such as X86-64, PowerPC, Itanium in speedy interconnecter network.

ii. Massive parallel processing (Computer Cluster)
High-performance computing(HPC) cluster, representive constuction of Massive parallel processing, interconnects many computer nodes by high-speed or switching fabric, and it is named tightly compled computer because it is like single computer and also each computer is operated on seperated(independent)OS.
HPC Cluster improves computin performence by distibuting computational tasks in cluster’s nodes and it is useful to work workload optimized by inter communicating between computer nodes in cluster’s nodes. In other words, one node’s operation result influences the others operation result, Librarys such MPI are used to distributed performming many scientific applications between cluster nodes
HPC Cluster model ,well known as “Beowulf cluster”2, is architecture , and low cost PC level is constructed various free software for Linux OS and parallelism.
Today, as more and more mass computing power is needed for perfomming very large scale works, HPC cluster supercomputing ,which supplies computing power for large scale of relative low cost, is increased rapidly,and it is prospected that most extra-large supercom in the hereafter are nearly consturcted by cluster computing. It seems that it is not simple cost problem but general cpu of mass prodcution and network technology ‘s performence.

iii. SMP(Symmetirc multiprocessing) and NUMA(Non-Uniform Memory Access)
For running applications which are unable to be distributed by Scientific application needed mass memory or MPI, SMP cluster supercomputer of mass memory is still major supercomputer’s constituent part.
Multipreocessing computer is singular computer that consint of more than one cpu in one OS instance, and as memory access method, when main memory are shared according to SMP,processor connected memory’s place (In common, both are simply called SMP supercomputing)
Libraries openMP are used for multi processer distributed operation in singlular node of scientific applicaitions
When parallel programming is mentioned on Cluster, it is parallel programming of hybrid-model which uses both OpenMP and MPI .

1. generally technology or computer products, that are ready-made and available for sale, lease, or license to the general public.

2 Be.owulf is a design for high-performance parallel computing clusters on inexpensive personal computer hardware. Originally developed by Thomas Sterling and Donald Becker at NASA, Beowulf systems are now deployed worldwide, chiefly in support of scientific computing.